Glycolysis involves 10 reactions that take place in the cytosol and generates two ATP molecules without the requirement of molecular oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate usually enters the mitochondria where it is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, whereas in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced into lactate. The word “glycolysis” is derived from the Greek “glykys,” meaning “sweet,” and “lysis,” which means “to split.” This refers to the splitting of one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis. Glycolysis was the first metabolic pathway elucidated and is also referred to as the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway (see Box 1). Glycolysis is an ancient pathway that evolved well before oxygen was present in the Earth's atmosphere and is highly conserved among living organisms.
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